1407	Sir, we use fusel oil and make its ester with acetic acid... but the product smells bad... what i can do to eliminate this.	abbas malik
Dear Mr Malic, Fusel oil and butyl acetate have nothing to do with PO and I do not know why you are asking this question here rather than from one expert in your field. However, I do know that both of your reactants are strongly acrid smelling chemicals and so it is no surprise that the the product of the reaction (butyl acetate) has a bad smell too, due to incomplete reaction and residues left in. Try redistilling or fractionating your butyl acetate to remove the bad smelling components. Regards, FP (22.05.2012)
1406	Hi Mr. Frank. If I have a type of non-RBD hydrogenated fat with IV 1 max, and the SFC until N45 is still 90% and above, is that advisable to go for labscale deodorization? The purpose for the labscale deo is to bring down the PV and FFA because will need it for labscale CIE. As I know, CIE always need raw oil with low FFA and PV. Says if the resulting non-RBD hydro fat with low FFA and PV, can I skip the labscale deo step and straight to labscale CIE?	Sheen Ng
Dear Mr Ng, I suppose by CIE you mean chemical inter esterification. If the fat is to be used for edible purposes you must do deodorisation as a last step other wise its taste and smell will make it unacceptable. Regards, FP (22.05.2012)
1405	I am from Nigeria,I want to know the best preservation and storage for palm oil.	Bamidele
Dear Mr Bamidele, I see that people carry on asking questions assuming I know all about their operations. But actually, I know nothing at all about them. And if a question is only worth half a line, it cannot be very important, can it. The storage of PO is a big subject and a lot depends on whether you mean CPO or RBDPO, the quantities involved etc. CPO can be stored in mild steel tanks, with heating coils and a sump for complete emptying. You should avoid putting fresh oil on top of old oil and only heat it up to 55C max for pumping. I do not understand what you mean by best preservation. Regards, FP (16.05.2012)
1403	how much PFAD can we get from CPO. is there any rough figures?	daryl
Dear Mr Daryl, My estimate is about 4%. Regards, FP (16.05.2012)
1401	I want to perform sizing and costing on continuous deodorizer (3 stage - heating, stripping, cooling). I have look through many journal and only found the basic operational principle of deodorizer. So where can I refer (book/website/journal) step to perform sizing and costing for continuous deodorizer?	Muhammad Saufi
Dear Mr Saufi, I do not think you will find any journals teaching you what you describe here and books only deal with basic principles. The only good way I know is to understudy another engineer doing that kind of work. The alternative is to go to your manager and tell him you have not done that kind of work before. It is no shame, no one has experience in every thing. Or you can do the best you can and take the consequences. But now the readers can see how some companies can undercut other companies by assigning projects to inexperienced engineers. Regards, FP (12.05.2012)
1400	If we have 506Kg PO and 125Kg PKO blend, what will be the final TFM of noodles 14% MC, in a: a) Semi boiled process; b) Full boiled process; c) Oleochemical process	Nadeem Akbar Khan
Dear Mr Khan, I think you are passing on to me your exam question. If I gave you the answers ready made I would be stopping you from learning and then you will not be able to keep a job. ) Learn by heart the definition of total fatty matter. 2) Write down the chemical equation of soap making and put in the molecular weights. 3) Apply the definition of TFM to the equation and do the calculations. Regards, FP (12.05.2012)
1398	Sir, with regard to question 1397 I want to know that how can I send the data to your top executive. Will it be the same address or something else. I can send to you also, if possible plz let me know & contribute to my work	Abhishek Singh
Dear Mr Singh, This page is for simple questions needing simple answers and we cannot accept any data or engage in correspondence with you. What we meant in our answer to Q1397 was for you to send your data to your CEO to enable him to see the picture and take appropriate action. I thought it was self evident. Regards, FP (12.05.2012)
1397	Dear sir, I am working in the internal Audit department of palm & soya oil manufacturing company. When I see the daily or monthly report related to consumption of chemicals, material feeding,electricity & utilities consumption, I find it difficult to judge that they have used the chemicals & materials more or less than needed. Because the general tendency of factory people is to use more of all these utilities. Sometime when we ask questions about excess consumption of utilities they give non sense answers. Sir, Is there any standard given or any approximation mentioned anywhere which shows that this much of chemical & electricity should be used for unit ton final product( rbd & srbd). If you have any info abut it plz let me know, I will be very grateful to you.	Abhishek Singh
Dear Mr Singh, It is not possible to give you any figures without detailed description what you are doing and the plant you have. Big plants tend to be more efficient than small ones. Some plants are modern, automatic and efficient and some are old and inefficient. Consumption of utilities and materials depend on the process you use and the quality of the crude oil you are buying. I suggest you construct a table with columns for weekly crude oil intake, finished oil produced, electricity, steam and materials and send it to the top executive. It will be for him then to see the trends and discuss with the plant manager if and how they can be improved. Regards, FP (10.05.2012)
1396	I want to get in to the palm oil business by buying big quantities and selling them in the middle east market, i need an expert to help me start the business.	ayman
Dear Mr Ayman, Sorry I cannot help you , you will have to find some one experienced in what you want to do and pay him to help you, or go into partnership with you. Regards, FP (10.05.2012)
1395	Hello Sir, I need to know if their are contract manufacturers in Pakistan who are using soap noodles to manufacture Soap. If yes, then can i get names of some companies who are manufacturing/using soap noodles. The same will help me in planning manufacturing activities accordingly. Hoping for a prompt reply. Thanks, Aman	Aman
Sorry, your question is completely unacceptable for this page, please do us the courtesy of reading the guidance notes at the top. You are welcome to join the membership here, make contacts with people selling soap noodles, advertise if necessary, etc. If you do not follow proven business methods, you will always be at a disadvantage. Regards, FP (10.05.2012)
1393	Hi Mr. Frank, Understood that when lauric oil such as PKO mix with PO in certain proportion, eutectic phenomena where softening of mixture will occur. But recently I tried with a few blends involves both lauric oils, hardening of mixture occur. Meaning that the mixture is supposed to getting softer, but it turns the other way round and getting harder. Do you know what this phenomenan called?is it called peritectic effect? And any idea what cause this? Thank you very much.	lee siewwen
Dear Mr Siewwen, You are right about PKO and PO forming eutectic mixtures and also that the opposite is called peritectic.. The same happens with CNO/PO blends. But I have never known true peritectic formation with any oils and fats, only accelerated melting at some point giving a kind of parabolic shape curve. But a lot of the answers depend on how you measure hardness, ie whether you measure MP, or penetration values or NMR values. The results can be very different. Most peritectics are seen in metallurgy where they can be very important. Regards, FP (10.05.2012)
1392	What is the physical state of Acid Oil and PFAD and the melting point of each of these?	bhaskaran nair
Dear Mr Nair, The Malaysian trading specifications from PORAM for PAO and PFAD do not include the MP or even the titre, which is surprising given their importance in soap making. So we do not have any easily accessible data on them. But for PO the MP and titre values are very similar and I estimate they will be between those for PO and palmitic acid, ie 40- 60C. This means that if you store these oils below those temperatures, they they will set up progressively into fairly hard solids and you will have to heat them up again before you can pump them out. Unfortunately, much of the trade in them is in drums, and getting a hard fat out of a drum, is not an easy matter. Regards, FP (10.05.2012)
1391	What should be the NPK ratio of compost made from EFB?	John Lou
Dear Mr Lou, Your question is very specialised and I had to do some searching, but luckily I found the information quickly. A research paper from Thailand gives the following values: N 0.56, P2O5 0.95, K2O 1.73. Regards, FP (10.05.2012)
1390	Dear MR Frank, My plant want to produce use oil from Spent bleaching earth which mix with hexane, My question is from end product (use oil) which method/cheaper technique to analysis that product that accept to food company?	suhaird
Dear Mr Suhaird, If the bleaching earth you treat is from PO refining then the oil you produce will be CPO technical quality (not food quality) and to sell it you will have to give its FFA, IV and M&I. Suitable test methods you can buy from the American Oil Chemists Society or from me. Regards, FP (03.05.2012)
1387	Hello there, i am researching on spent earth oil recovery plant in refinery. i am looking at 40ton/day capacity. Do you have any idea on the estimated project cost and what is the extraction efficiency of the plant. Is spent earth oil recovery a widespread practice among physical refiners? thanks	liam
Dear Mr Liam, I cannot advise you on this kind of questions. Costs and yields are confidential information. You should contact the installers of your refinery and see what they do for you. Regards, FP (28.04.2012)
1386	How much bio fuel is extracted from 1 bushel of palm oil ?	Palm - Bio
Dear Mr Havesh, Palm oil is sold by the tonne, not by the bushel. One tonne of RBDPO will give about one tonne of biodiesel. Regards, FP (28.04.2012)
1385	Шn Crude Palm Oil, is there a rule that governs what is the acceptable c:12 level, without it specifically being mentioned in a trade?	hh
Dear Mr hhбб The main tests quoted by CPO sellers are FFA and Moisture +Impurities (M&I). The lower these values are the better, but anything is acceptable if the price.is appropriate to the quality. Regards, FP (26.04.2012)
1383	Sir, what bushel aften if it is measure unit then how many kilo grm in one bushel?	asif mahmood
Dear Mr Mahmood, A bushel is 8 gallons. It is a unit of volume and you cannot convert it simply to weight like Kg etc. as it depends what you put in it. A bushel of sand weighs much more than a bushel of feathers. The main use of the bushel is in the US for measuring dry agricultural products like soya and wheat. A bushel of soyabeans weighs 27.3 kg. Regards, FP (25.04.2012)
1382	Hi, I am simply a freshman in high school who is concerned about the environment. Do you all realize the process in harvesting palm oil?!?! Orangutans live in only two places in the world; Borneo and Sumatra. Those are the same places they produce palm oil. First they cut down the tree where the orangutan's live, getting them out of their tree. Then they throw gasoline on the still live orangutans and set them on fire. Then they put in the palm oil plant. They die in fear and pain. I think this is terrible and a lot of people don't even know this is going on. You may disagree with me but please realize that scientists say in 10 years there will not be any orangutans left in the world because of stupid palm oil. PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE start watching what is in the products you buy. Only we can act to protect these creatures, the government does NOT care about the welfare of these innocent primates. I have here the numerous names palm oil can be under. Like I said before... I just care about the world. I hope you do too.	Emily Worthing
Dear Emily, Thank you for your email, and it isvery good to see young people taking an interest in the big issues facing mankind. In case you did not know, palmoil.com are not PO producers or sellers, but simply a website where people interested in PO can get information on it and make contacts. The terrible story you mentioned about the burning of Orangutans describes inhuman, criminal behaviour which no one should tolerate for one second. Most people think like you and blame PO for the destruction of the jungle, but the problem is not so simple. It starts with the cutting of the trees (logging) to give hard wood for the best furniture, used in rich homes, grand hotels etc. Your home too probably has some such furniture. Planting of the cleared land comes after logging and if it did not go for palm it would go for rubber, bananas, pine apples, etc. Palm oil is fat, one of the three basic foods for humans (proteins, carbohydrates and fats). If we do not produce PO we must produce more of some other fat and the second biggest after palm is soya, which needs much more land and is blamed for the destruction of the forests in the Amazon region. In my opinion, the basic cause we must tackle is world population which is now 7 billion and rising by 1 billion every 12 years. There is a limit to the number of people the Earth can support and some very eminent scientists are saying we are already well past it. But once people are born we must allow the production of food for them. What else can we do? (25.04.2012)
1380	I reside in australia and am a consumer and would appreciate knowing how much glycerin is made from 100ml of palm oil. i have read that palm oil is deep red colour first then splitting occurs to remove vitamin e and then glycerin is made from the remaining substance. so basicially if we start with 100ml of palm oil, how much glycerin is made after seperating/fractioning/splitting (am i correct in assuming that other substances are added to the oil when performing the afore mentioned procedures and therefore the amount of glycerin the amount of glycerin would either be more that the initial 100ml of palm oil used or less than the 100ml).	neale scott
Dear Mr Scott, The reddish colour of CPO is due to its carotene content which is a precursor of vitamin A and has nothing to do with anything else. As for its glycerine content, a theoretical value can be calculated from its average molecular weight of the oil and it works out at about 10.9% by weight. Industrially,glycerine is produced as a by product in the production of soap, fatty acids and biodiesel. In the days before biodiesel, glycerine was in short supply and quite expensive, but now biodiesel production has put so much extra supply on the market, it is price has fallen to very low levels .Regards, FP (20.04.2012)